2 
  -2023
..  
 
(    -1)
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
I.    
  ?        
II.        ?       

-
III.          
IV.   ?       ?
-
V.             ?
VI.               
2 
-
VII.            
     ?
VIII            
  -2023
..  
 
(    -1)
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
I.    
  ?        
:    ?
   
 -    '   -   , -
   , -   , -       
,         ,      
:      
  ?     
 ,
   
 ?   
?        

2 
    ,            
           ,     , 
 -      
  
' '      :
'' ()      ,
'' ()      
 ,       "  "
    :
   ,     "     
   "   
   , "      "
     "   " 
                
       
  
 ?
    
 :
            
, ,         

      
          
         
        
 ,    ,  
   
 
   
    -    
      
              ,
2 
                  
     
1.      
    ,     ,    
  -  ,    
     
     ?
      ?
            
2.    
                 ,
   
-  
 ?
 ,     -    ?
             
3.    
            :
      
         
?
     
 ,           
4.     (  )
         
 

 ?
     ?
2 
         ?
    ,          
 
5.     (  )
               
   
         ?
        ?
     -   
6.      
                 
 
 
 
 ?
         ?
            -   '  
    
7.     
   ()   ()      
   -  
?
     ?
 ,     -    
   
8.    
         
        
  ?
    ?
2 
           
9.      
          :
   
   
   
         
10.    
  -, , ,   -  
    - 
?
      ?
         
:
  ,             
                
 -           ,    
,     ,         

   ,          :
  
 
 
 
-  (NGO)

2 
    , 
        ,
    '     
II.        ?       

: 󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 -
   
              - 
   ,     ,     , 
        
       -           
 ,       ,      ,
    
     
     -  ,       '  
,               ,  - 
     ,      
󹵅󹵆󹵇󹵈   ?
      -  ,  ,  ,   
    ,      -    
   , , , ,    
     
 :
  (1789)    
   ( , , )   (  ,
  )  
󷸌󷸍    ?
 ,  ,            
 , , ,     '    
          ,    
 , 
           
2 
 :
             


     , ,      
  
󷃆󹸊󹸋      
        :
1.  :   
        -      ,   
        
    
2.   
    (     )  , 
      :
    ( )    
 
    
   ( )      
3.    
             
   ,         ,
         
4.   
             
         
 ,    ,        
   -   
󹸯󹸭󹸮      
    '           
 :
2 

 


    
   

 
  '    
   -
 
 

, , ,
,     
, , ,
,     

  
  

  ,    

   
  

  
  ( ,
   
 )
  
  (
,       )
 
, ,  
 , , ,
-
󺯑󺯒󺯓󺯔󺯕󺯖󺯗󺯘󺯙󺯚󺯛󺯜󺯝    
 
           ' 
 
          -
     
  ,            -   
          
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 
 ,         ,      
  -      ,       
            ,      
 
   ,     ,      , 
              
2 
  ,             
   
-
III.          
:   
   
  '       
,    
    
,       
  , 
?     
     
  ,  
 ,
    ,    
      
 
   
     
  ,          ,     
 ,        '         
,  , -, -,        
  :
    "   "    
    "   ,  ,       
     "
  
         
 :
1.     
                 
   ,  -  ,      
     - 
 
:
 
  ,   ,     
   -     
 
2 
2.   

       
,  
 ,   

           
 -  
           
:
 ""    , ""  , - 
     
3.      
      '   , , -, , -  
               
  
:
       
 ,    
 
 
4.   
           ,  , 
          
:
  ,       ,     
      
5.   '   
   
           ,
             
:
  ,         -   
   
6.     '  
   , -           ,
            


:
          '   
2 
  
               '   
 ',     -    :
1.    
            ,   '   
    ,      '   
:
 
 
   
    
:
        
2.  
-      ,           
      '  
:
 
 
   -

    
:
    
3.  
      ,         
       '  
:
2 
   
    
  (- -   )
   ,   
:
,      
4. -   
            ,    '
 
:
,      
    (  .., , )
  
   ,    
:
     ,    
 '  

 ,          , -,  
                
-    ,           
       - 
  , 
   
 ,
 
           
   ,           
   ,      
      
2 
IV.   ?       ?
:              
          ,    ,  ' 
 ,           ,    
         - "  " -  ,   
             
   
         
  
         -        
   , , , , ,      
󺭨   :
               
    -    
   '     -        
           

   
     ,    :
1.  
           


2.  
             , 
 ,     
3. 
    ,         
  
4.  
    ,      ,    

2 
5.   
(  ')
     
 ,  
             
   
  
  (   )
  (    )
  ( ,  )
  
  
  ?
,    
               ,
, -            
     '       
  
  
󺭨   :
     ,       ,  
    
 ,  ,  ,  ,      

   
1. -  
 

      
       

2.  
   ,      '   
3.  
      -  , ,  ,
, , , 
2 
4.   
         
    




      
  
       
'   

   
 
     '   

   

 -     

     
    - 


    
     

  ( , , ,
)
   ,  , 



      
  
       
  
- 
 , , ,       -     

   ,   ,        -  


  
 -
           

  
       
      
      
2 

              
          -    ,  
   ,  ,        
  
  :
     ,   
     , ,  
     
  , ,      ,  
 - 
          , , -
     -    
-
V.             ?
:        
   , 
     -  , , ,
, , ,         
  
   ? 
    ,       
  ,         " "   
     ,          
           
    ?
     20
        
                
      ,        
     -
  ,   ,    ,   
     ,        
    ,
              
  :
"     -       "
2 
   
1.  :
    '          
           
2. - :
         '      
       
 
3.  :
   '            '
 

4. :
    '           ,
      
5. - :
      
      ,  
 '   
6.  :
     ,       
    -   
   

 
  (        )
-    ( )
    ?
,        -   -    
,   ,        '   
      
60-70      ,
      ,        
2 
 
      ,        

   
:
    ,            
  
   
1.  :
             
 
   '   
2.  :
      ,   '    '   
3. -:
          , ,  
4.  :
                  ',
    
5.  :
          

6.  :
 ,         
   
  
  
 
 
 
2 
     
  
 


  
  

    



  -

, ,  

,   
 
     
   
 ?
           :
-      
     -,      

             

            , ,
   
   ,     ,   
      

 ,             

            

 ,
         
  - ,    
     -        
     
2 
     
           , 

      
        
       ,  
         -
              !
VI.               
:     :   
   
            
     , 
        
   -       ,    
 ,  
  ,      
,  
         " "   
,      '        
 ,  
  ,  - -   
     
 
,    
  -      
     " "   
 - "  "  "  "  ,   -
 
  
                 
          ,     
            
 
     :
1.   :        
2.  :  ,     
3.    -:     , ,  
  
4. "
" :     "
," ","  ""  
   
2 
5.  :          

     :
 
  
   
  
    
  
-  
              

           , ,   
   
   :
1.    
:         
2. - :  , ,       
3. "" :   "," ","  " "  
4.     :        
   ,        
-  :
  
      
     
      
   
    ,              
                 
               
  
     
2 
,            
          
,  
 '    -      
 
-    ,        ,   
     ,         -,
          
       
 
 -            
-  -  

 
-

     
 
     
 



  
    

 
"
" 
"" 

  
, ,  

     
 
  ""    

,  , 

 ,    
 
              
  :
    

 
      
     
-       
  
2 
            
         " " ""      

               
    

    ,          ,   
               
    ,  ,           

         ',     

              ,
               
       
-
VII.            
     ?
::    (     )
        , ,     
 ,  ,       , ,  
           ,     
       -         ?
     
  ?
     
       
 , -,  (),      
   
2 
       "  "    
  ,   
     ,      ,
     ,       
 :
    , -     
      
  
              
,               
   :
1.   
       ,     ,   
             , 
           ,  ,  
  
  ,       '   
,         " "  -   
       
2.  
   
   
      ,
, , , ,     
      - 
  
 ,  ,            
 ,           
    
  
3.     
      
  -   , , , , 
         
    
     
    (  )    ,
  (-   ),
  ' (   )
2 
4.    
             
    
     -   
 , 
             
  ,           
 
5.     
     
, 
      ,  
  ,          
 :

    
     " "   ,
""      ,
        
6.    
   
,  ,     
        -19    
           
  
 
     
             
   ?
      ,        '   
       '        

    :

 

-  
2 
      
          :



 -
       
1.  -    
      ,     -, - 
-    
 
 
:
  ( )  ,
  (    ),
 (, , ),
  (, ),
  (          )
               
  ,       '    
2.   -   
-    ,       
     
  
 :
 ,
 ,
  ,
-
 , -     
 ,  ,    
  -     
2 
3.  - - 

   ,         
     :
 ,
 ,
    ,
-  
  - 

    
  
4.  
                , 
      ,       

         ,   '    
  '      

 ,            
                   
    ,    ,   ,
  ,        
            
 
 ,               ,
    
   -      ,     
      
    
2 
VIII            
:         
-:   
             
     -
,   
-   ,   ,    -    
 , "  "  ""     
         ,         
      
   
  ;  -    
  ,             
             ,
       
   
             - --,  
   
    "  "
  ?
   (18641929)         ,  
  -, '          
      -   ,    
:   
        ,     "  " 
    -       
     ,  
 
  ,       :
1. 
        
    
             
 ,     :
"        ?"
2 
2. 
         

    '  
       - 
  
      
 :
"        
 
    
"
3. 
    '      

  '          , 
, ,  
   
 :
"  
  
               "
  
        '     
         ( 1)
       ,        
 
  ( 2)
   ',          ( 3)
                  
   
        
     
   

-   -  
,      (        
),        
 
    " "
  ?
   (18631931)          
         
      
  
2 
        
    
,   ,
   
,   
   : ""  ""
       :
1. ""
""    
    
    -          
       , "      ?"
2. ""
""    
     -           
      , "    ,     !"
:              
""  : " ,    "
""  : "  !
  "
""  ""       
  -  
             :
1.   (0-2 )
    -      
 ,       '       
        

2 
2.   (3-6 )
              ","
","  ""   
 -       
         
3.   (7     )
             
                 
 
    '    ,      '  
 
 
                   
    
  ,    '        

:               , 
                   
 
     
-    
 
    (  )  
""   ,   ""     
     -  
2 
:   




     

   
 
  
""  "" +  

3-  ( ,  ,
 )
  3  (, , )
  
  
   

   
 
  
  
 
     

:   
            
,    -  ,
        
     
         
     
  ,   ,     
      
  : 
 
     
 
   
 
 - 
,      
     
   ,   ,    '   
    -  , 
         "" 
 
"               

       ,         "
2 